There are many ways to do this. An individual may go through social transition by changing their name and pronouns or medical transition by changing their body through hormone therapy or surgery. People who wish to transition may undertake one, all, or none of these steps.
Gender Dysphoria
People who feel like their gender assigned at birth does not line up with the gender they identify with may experience gender dysphoria. They may be uncomfortable because society genders them incorrectly because of their body type and appearance.
Gender dysphoria is when someone feels like their body is wrong. This feeling can be amplified because images of different genders are usually cissexist (the assumption that only cisgender identities and expressions are normal) and are not typically inclusive of transgender bodies.
This lack of representation can make it hard for transgender individuals to see themselves as beautiful or handsome (and therefore deserving of love) and/or for the world to gender them correctly (seeing someone as a man, woman, or an androgynous being).
Gender dysphoria may begin to become more recognized and acknowledged during puberty. Some children may experience it even earlier (when they are 4 years old or younger).
Diagnosis
Gender dysphoria is typically diagnosed by a mental health professional. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides guidelines for the diagnosis of gender dysphoria, with separate criteria for children or adolescents and adults. It defines gender dysphoria as at least six months of a marked incongruence between one’s expressed/experienced gender and one’s assigned gender.
Under the DSM-5 criteria, gender dysphoria diagnosis in adults and adolescents starts by assessing if they have at least two of the following:
A marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and primary (external and internal genitalia) and/or secondary sex characteristics (such as muscle and breast development)A strong desire to be rid of one’s primary and/or secondary sex characteristics because of a marked incongruence with one’s experienced/expressed gender (or in young adolescents, a desire to prevent the development of the anticipated secondary sex characteristics)A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other genderA strong desire to be of the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one’s assigned gender)A strong desire to be treated as the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one’s assigned gender)A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one’s assigned gender)
The assessment of gender dysphoria in children begins with confirming that they have a strong desire to be of the other gender or that they are insisting that they are the other gender and at least five of the following:
A strong preference for wearing clothing typically associated with the other gender and strong resistance to wearing clothing typically for one’s assigned genderA strong preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe or fantasy playA strong preference for the toys, games, or activities stereotypically used or engaged in by the other genderA strong preference for playmates of the other genderA strong rejection of toys, games, and activities typically associated with one’s assigned genderA strong dislike of one’s sexual anatomyA strong desire for the physical sex characteristics that match one’s experienced gender
For people of all ages, in order to meet the diagnostic criteria of gender dysphoria, the condition must also be associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Social Transitioning
Transgender people may transition socially, which may include coming out to friends and family as transgender and changing their name to one that expresses their true gender and makes them feel comfortable. They may also ask people to use pronouns that match their desired gender.
They may want to change how they publicly express their gender, which is known as gender expression. This could mean changing their appearance, mannerisms, hairstyle, and the way they dress to express the gender they identify with.
Medical Transitioning
Health care for transgender individuals starts with the same basics as cisgender individuals: annual physical exams, STI testing, and reproductive health care.
Those who are considering medical transitioning may need hormone therapy or surgery, which will require additional medical appointments and screenings.
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy helps people look physically more like the gender they identify as.
Transmasculine individuals will take androgens that will deepen their voice, enhance their muscles, promote body hair, and enlarge their clitoris. Transfeminine people will take estrogen that will redistribute body fat, increase breast tissue, slow the growth of body hair, and lower testosterone. Physical changes, like breast enlargement, may take up to five years.
Gender Affirming Surgery
Sex reassignment surgery is a procedure by which a transgender person’s physical appearance and functional abilities are changed to those of the gender they identify as. The procedure is now known as gender affirmation surgery because a person’s gender identity prompts the desire for these medical procedures.
Many hospitals offer gender-affirming surgery through a department or center for transgender medicine.
Gender-affirming medical procedures include:
Breast augmentation: Insertion of a silicone or saline implant inside or beneath the breast to increase breast size. Chest masculinization: Removal of breast tissues and contouring of the chest Facial surgery such as facial feminization surgery: Reshaping of the nose, brow, forehead, chin, cheek, and jaw. An Adam’s apple can be reduced as well Metoidioplasty and Phalloplasty: Formation of a penis Scrotoplasty: Creation of a scrotum Vaginoplasty: Using skin and tissue from a penis to create a vulva and vaginal canal Vulvoplasty: Using skin and tissue from a penis to create all of the outside parts of a vagina, except for the vaginal canal Orchiectomy: Removal of the testicles
Insurance
Transgender individuals are protected from public and private insurance discrimination under federal and state laws, including Medicare and Medicaid. Many insurance plans have removed restrictions that exclude transgender people. But some insurance plans do not pay for the cost of gender transition-related health care, especially for surgeries.
If a transgender person’s medical treatment for gender transitioning is denied coverage or if their insurance plan has an exclusion for those services, they may need to explain to their insurance company why it is illegal discrimination to exclude medically necessary transition-related care. The National Center for Transgender Equality offers a step-by-step guide to help transgender individuals who wish to pursue transition care obtain coverage for these services from their insurance providers.
Support
Many transgender people seek therapy, especially in adulthood, to discuss issues such as gender dysphoria and experiences with transphobia, which refers to prejudice against transgender people. Therapy and counseling can be a safe, supportive space for those with gender dysphoria to explore and work through their feelings.
The Transgender Institute offers individual and group therapy for transgender youths and adults. It also provides a comprehensive list of transgender-friendly healthcare providers. Transgender individuals can also find a therapist who specializes in transgender therapy near them through the member directory of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, which lists mental health professionals by state.
For those who don’t want to do in-person therapy, they can try Pride Counseling, which is a mobile app that connects users to licensed therapists who specialize in LGBTQ counseling. There is a weekly fee for unlimited chat, phone, and/or video therapy. The app is subject to strict local and federal laws, including HIPAA, that protect users’ privacy.
Discrimination
A lack of education, understanding, and compassion in society puts transgender people at risk of harassment and discrimination. Fifty-three percent of transgender people reported being harassed or disrespected in public. They are also more likely to experience harassment at work, bullying at school, homelessness, eviction, issues with health care, incarceration, and violence.
In a 2015 survey, 10% of transgender youth revealed that they had been sexually assaulted and 47% were assaulted in their lifetime.
The Trevor Project offers a 24/7 hotline for transgender youths in crisis or in need of a safe space to talk. The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), a national organization that advocates for LGBTQ acceptance, has a comprehensive list of resources for transgender people on its website.
A Word From Verywell
For transgender individuals who are undergoing or are interested in gender transitioning, the process can be complex and overwhelming, but you are not alone. There are many organizations that can help with your needs—whether it’s insurance coverage for transition care or having someone to talk to about your feelings. Everyone’s transition is different, and there is no right or wrong way to do it.
For those who know someone who is transgender and/or considering transitioning, learning how to be supportive is the best way to be an ally. Educate yourself about gender and gender transitioning. Don’t hesitate to ask what a person’s correct pronouns and chosen name are. It’s an act of respect and everyone deserves to be addressed in the way they choose.
