The cell membrane is also called a plasma membrane. Some cells, like plant, fungi, and bacteria cells, have a cell wall outside the cell membrane as an extra layer of protection and structure.
In eukaryotic cells, structures like the nucleus and mitochondria are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.
In prokaryotes, the ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm throughout the cell. In eukaryotes, the ribosomes are bound by a membrane and are typically found in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, or covering the nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes in the cytoplasm attached to the nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and complex. It contains packaging proteins called histones and is organized into chromosomes for sexual reproduction.
Some bacteria cells do have cellular regions or micro-compartments, even if there are no interior membranes to formally separate them. The difference is organization between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so clear that you can easily see the difference through a microscope.
Prokaryotic cells can be split into 2 domains of single-celled organisms: bacteria and archaea. Archaea are similar to bacteria, but followed a different evolutionary path. Many are found in harsh environments and are known as extremophiles.
Remember that prokaryote means “before nucleus” when you’re studying for your bio test. This is the biggest difference between them and eukaryotes.
Mitochondria (the “powerhouse of the cell”) that produce chemical energy energy for the cell by making adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules The endoplasmic reticulum (a network of membrane tubes throughout the cytoplasm) that helps transport proteins throughout the cell The Golgi apparatus (a stack of small, flat sacs inside the cytoplasm) that produces protein and fat molecules for the cell to use Lysosomes that help the cell get rid of waste Chloroplasts that produce energy through photosynthesis in plant cells
Even though eukaryotes are much larger than prokaryotes, you still need to use a microscope to see them.
Meiosis occurs when sex cells (like sperm and eggs) divide with incomplete DNA and fuse with another sex cell to complete a set of chromosomes. Meiosis ensures genetic variety in a species. In meiosis, the daughter cells are not identical to their parent cell (like in mitosis or binary fission). Some single-celled eukaryotes, like algae, can reproduce asexually, sexually, or both. All prokaryotes can only reproduce asexually.
A symbiotic relationship (symbiosis) is an interaction between 2 separate organisms that benefits the survival of both “partners. ”[17] X Research source
